To date, the precise mechanism of intravesical immunomodulators remains unknown. In vitro, interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) acts directly on neoplastic cells and inhibits their proliferation while it induces their differentiation. Urothelium and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells express IFN-alpha receptor, the density of which correlates with lesion grade. IFN-alpha reduces neo-microvascular ...
