in recent years, medical and health care consumption has risen, making health risk an important determinant of household spending and welfare. we aimed to examine the determinants of medical and health care expenditure to help policy-makers in the improvement of china's health care system, benefiting the country, society and every household. this paper employs panel data from china's provinces ...

Focusing on regional industrial transferring, this paper introduces the “economic risk”concept to characterize the uncertainty of welfare effets which China’s regional industrial transferring can take. After establishment an unified framework of analysising risk,which includes eonomic welfare risk and social welfare risk, this paper tries to assess the eonomic risk in China’s regional industria...

BACKGROUND Socio-economic variations in health, including variations in health according to wealth and income, have been widely reported. A potential method of improving the health of the most deprived groups is to increase their income. State funded welfare programmes of financial benefits and benefits in kind are common in developed countries. However, there is evidence of widespread under cl...

the scarcity of water resources and supply resources limitation, have caused an increasing gap between water supply and demand specially in recent decades in almost all regions of the globe. one of the best known solutions proposed by the economists is using the different water pricing approaches thereby obtaining the optimal allocation and social justice. to this purpose, this paper uses the p...

This paper studies the e¤ects of di¤erent types of research policy on economic growth. We ...nd that while tax incentives to private research, public funding of private projects, and basic research performed at public institutions have unambiguously positive e¤ects on economic growth, performing applied research at public institutions could have negative growth e¤ects. This is due to the large ...

Regional economic activities require materials that can be extracted domestically or imported from other regions. Analysis of optimal patterns of combined economic development and materials use should be discussed in relation to trade and the environment. A model is presented that optimises long-term welfare of a 2-region economic system with trade in virgin and recycled materials as well as co...

Using time series data, the paper analyses the economic structure of island countries. The results are illustrated using five case studies. It is demonstrated that countries pursuing strategies based on service industries or exports of light manufactures have been more successful in attaining development objectives. This success has been translated into improved welfare for the populations of t...

The organization of income-maintenance programs in the United States is mandated to a large extent by federal regulations, because most programs are funded by the federal government. However, the historically local nature of charity and relief in the United States has resulted in individual states and counties implementing most welfare programs.’ The system is far from unified, with a host of r...

This paper discusses a number of questions with regard to Sweden’s economic and political development: • How did Sweden become rich? • What explains Sweden’s high level of income equality? • What were the causes of Sweden’s problems from 1970 to 1995? • How is it possible that Sweden, since the crisis of the early 1990s, is growing faster than most EU countries despite its high taxes and genero...