Nickel is released to the atmosphere by windblown dust, volcanoes, combustion of fuel oil, municipal incineration, and industries involved in nickel refining, steel production, and other nickel alloy production. The form of nickel emitted to the atmosphere is dependent upon the source. Complex nickel oxides, nickel sulfate, and metallic nickel are associated with combustion, incineration, and s...

Within the context of European Union (EU) energy policy and sustainibility in waste management, recent EU regulations demand energy efficient and environmentally sound disposal methods of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Currently, landfill with its many drawbacks is the preferred option in the EU and many other industrialised countries. Within the waste management hierarchy thermal disposal especi...

Solid Waste management (SWM) is an acute and complex problem in developing economies like India. Progressing states have inadequate budget for waste management, out of which major portion of which goes to collection and transportation rather than its treatment. Various techniques like land filling, incineration and composting have been used for waste management, but none of them fully assure th...

The principle of selective photothermolysis, which states that thermal destruction can be predicted by choosing the appropriate wavelength, pulse duration, and pulse energy for a particular target, applies to the laser treatment of vascular lesions. The most commonly used vascular lesion lasers and light sources emit wavelengths of 532 nm, 577-600 nm, and 1064 nm. A wide range of vascular lesio...

The disposal and management of solid wastes are ancient problems. The evolution of practices naturally changed as populations grew and sites for disposal became less acceptable. The central search was for easy disposal at minimum costs. The methods changed from indiscriminate dumping to sanitary landfill, feeding to swine, reduction, incineration, and various forms of re-use and recycling. Virt...