OBJECTIVE China's ongoing new health reform aims to reduce individual out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare services. The aim of this article is to analyse the impact of this reform and to draw policy implications. METHODS Data are retrieved from the relevant government publications. Polynomial regression models are used to predict future health expenditures. An extensive sensitivity an...

distribution and diversity of income in rural regions according to the characteristics of households and in the framework of sustainable livelihood must be investigated. in this study, in order to investigate the status of income distribution and diversity and its impact on the economy of rural households in alamout region multinomial logit model has been used. the required dates are related to...

It is routine to control for “average” income when assessing the independent eVect of income inequality on health, but authors have used diVerent measures, for example, percentage poverty, per capita or mean income, and median income. 4 However, as the distribution of income in a population is always positively skewed (that is, a long thin tail for the few with high incomes), the median income ...

An income distribution is a mixture of two given income distributions if the relative frequency it associates with each income level is a convex combination of the relative frequencies associated with it by the given two income distributions— e.g., the income distribution of a country is obtained as a mixture of the income distributions of its regions. In this article, it is established that al...

Most UK surveys, including those used each year to derive the official UK income distribution statistics (‘Households Below Average Income’), provide measures of current household income rather than annual household income, which is the measure used in most other countries. Using British Household Panel Survey data, we examine whether estimates of Britain’s income distribution and its trends ar...

Income generated by foreign direct investments (FDI) has grown since the 1990s, and now represents a substantial portion of many countries’ current accounts. Some these flows are routed through Special Purpose Entities in financial centers that multinational firms use to minimize their tax liabilities. We IMF OECD data ascertain which countries receive FDI-generated income, find few advanced ec...

Reasonable income distribution for expressway network tolling plays a positive role in attracting investors and social funds to accelerate expressway construction and development. Influence factors of the income distribution problem for expressway network tolling were analyzed and the income distribution process of expressway network tolling was further viewed as a bargaining game in the paper....

Health care provision in Ireland has developed into a complex mixture of public and private provision. The extent of fee paying within the system and strong differentiation between public and private patients has led many to question the degree to which the delivery of health care across those with different financial means is equitable. This paper analyses the extent of equity of health servic...

The first experimental SAM for Iran was constructed more than three decades ago under the supervision of Prof. Pyatt. Based on this work Prof Pyatt had observed that the way in which Iran was spending oil revenues was likely to exacerbate urban—rural income differentials in Iran. In his approach to SAM he did not distinguish between factorial and institutional income distributions preferring to...