The advancement of microbial processes for the production of renewable liquid fuels has increased with concerns about the current fuel economy. The development of advanced biofuels in particular has risen to address some of the shortcomings of ethanol. These advanced fuels have chemical properties similar to petroleum-based liquid fuels, thus removing the need for engine modification or infrast...

Fluorescence fluctuation methods have become invaluable research tools for characterizing the molecular-level physical and chemical properties of complex systems, such as molecular concentrations, dynamics, and the stoichiometry of molecular interactions. However, information recovery via curve fitting analysis of fluctuation data is complicated by limited resolution and challenges associated w...

The structure of diheteropeptin (1), a TGF-beta-like active substance from Diheterospora chlamydosporia Q58044, was determined to be a new cyclotetrapeptide, cyclo[2aminoisobutyryl-(S)-phenylalanyl-(R)-prolyl-(2S,8R,9R)-2-am ino-8,9-dihydroxydecanoyl-] by NMR, mass spectrometric and chemical studies.

A novel adaptive-gain twisting controller that is robust to the bounded disturbances with the unknown boundaries is proposed. The control algorithm is derived using the Lyapunov function technique. It is shown that an ideal or real second order sliding mode is established, and the adaptation algorithm does not overestimate the control gain. The efficacy of the proposed adaptive twisting control...

Pigment Red3 was synthesized and chemically treated by sulphonation. The treatment, affected the surface chemistry and the shape of pigments. The effects of reaction time, temperature, Solvent/Pigment ratio and Acid/Pigment ratio were examined on the treated pigment. The investigation of experimental design based on Tauguchi method, was carried out. To assessment of treated particles, UV-visibl...

The present paper concerns with the characteristic semigroup of input independent and state independent fuzzy automaton. Apart from the relationship between input independent and state independent fuzzy automaton, various properties of characteristic semigroups of state independent fuzzy automaton are established. Also, quasi-perfect fuzzy automaton and quasi strongly connected fuzzy automaton ...

A detailed understanding of the sources, transformations and fates of organic species in the environment is crucial because of the central roles that they play in human health, biogeochemical cycles and the Earth's climate. However, such an understanding is hindered by the immense chemical complexity of environmental mixtures of organics; for example, atmospheric organic aerosol consists of at ...

A series of potent antimicrobial agents have been prepared. These derivatives are cephalosporins carrying a pyridine ring substituted with a heterocycle in the C-3 position. Some of them showed excellent activity not only against Gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also against Gram-positive ones. In view of their biological and physico-chemical properties, 7 beta-[2-(2...

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material common to all of Earth's organisms. Our biological understanding of DNA is extensive and well-exploited. In recent years, chemists have begun to develop DNA for nonbiological applications in catalysis, encoding, and stereochemical control. This Review summarizes key advances in these three exciting research areas, each of which takes advantage...