Cryptosporidial oocysts were identified by modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain in the stools of seven (3.2%) of 213 children with acute or chronic diarrhoea and one (0.9%) of 112 controls. All children with cryptosporidia were immunocompetent. Four of the index cases had a short illness (3-14 days) with watery diarrhoea, vomiting (2), and abdominal pain (2). Two index cases had chronic diarrhoea for o...

General results on transformations on information production processes (IPPs), involving transformations of the h-index and related indices, are applied in concrete, simple cases: doubling the production per source, doubling the number of sources, doubling the number of sources but halving their production, halving the number of sources but doubling their production (fusion of sources) and, fin...

In this paper we compare the performance of three indices in an inflation forecasting experiment. The evidence not only suggests that an evolved neural network is superior to traditionally trained networks in the majority of cases, but also that a risky money index performs at least as well as the Bank of England Divisia index when combined with interest rate information. Notably, the provision...

A 48-year-old white man (index case) with an abnormal chest radiograph remained undiagnosed for tuberculosis for 4 years. Investigation by purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin test revealed positive tuberculin reactions (> or = 10 mm induration) in seven of eight (88%) initial close contacts, and in 12 of 46 (26%) coworkers. On the suspicion that transmission had also occurred among mem...

OBJECTIVES Influenza household transmission studies are required to guide prevention strategies but most passively recruit index cases that seek healthcare. We investigated A(H1N1)pdm09 transmission in a household-based cohort during 2009. METHODS Health-workers visited 270 households weekly, and collected swabs from influenza-like-illness cases. If A(H1N1)pdm09 was RT-PCR-confirmed, all hous...

BACKGROUND Contact tracing is especially useful for identifying an infection with few cases in the population, such as HIV in China. Little such research is available in China. METHODS Every newly diagnosed HIV case from 2008-2010 in Taizhou Prefecture, Zhejiang Province in China, was invited to participate as an "index case" in a contact tracing survey by providing contact information for up...

wiener index is a topological index based on distance between every pair of vertices in agraph g. it was introduced in 1947 by one of the pioneer of this area e.g, harold wiener. inthe present paper, by using a new method introduced by klavžar we compute the wiener andszeged indices of some nanostar dendrimers.

As countries move towards malaria elimination, methods to identify infections among populations who do not seek treatment are required. Reactive case detection, whereby individuals living in close proximity to passively detected cases are screened and treated, is one approach being used by a number of countries including Swaziland. An outstanding issue is establishing the epidemiologically and ...

BACKGROUND Being a contact of a pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) case is a risk factor for active and latent TB. The objective of this study is to determine the contact tracing yield using two different programmatic definitions of close contact in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS This is a retrospective quasi-experimental study. Data were obtained by reviewing the medical records from T...