Abstract: iNOS is inducible by a variety of factors related to inflammation and referred to as inducible NOS(iNOS). It is regulated at the level of gene expression; once expressed, it produces NO at a high rate. iNOS gene-expression profiling is an important tool in understanding molecular markers of the responses of cells and tissues to external factors. In this article a semiquantitative reve...

ADAR1 (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) is widely expressed in adult mammals and has a critical role during embryogenesis. Two size forms of ADAR1 are known that possess adenosine-to-inosine editing activity: an interferon (IFN)-inducible approximately 150-kDa protein and a constitutively expressed N-terminally truncated approximately 110-kDa protein. We defined the structure of the 5'-flanki...

The early conceptus in sheep and cattle secretes a low molecular weight protein called ovine and bovine trophoblast protein 1 (TP-1) that is critical for establishment of pregnancy. TP-1 is a type I interferon (IFN) and is most related to IFN-omega. Here we have determined if TP-1 genes are regulated similarly to other type I IFNs. Single day 18 bovine conceptuses secrete approximately 10(5) un...

The pathogenic role of T cells in hypertension has been documented well in recent animal studies. However, the existence of T-cell-driven inflammation in human hypertension has not been confirmed. Therefore, we undertook immunologic characterization of T cells from patients with hypertension and measured circulating levels of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 chemokines, which are well-known tiss...

Recruitment of activated T cells to mucosal surfaces, such as the airway epithelium, is important in host defense and for the development of inflammatory diseases at these sites. We therefore asked whether the CXC chemokines IFN-induced protein of 10 kDa (IP-10), monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig), and IFN-inducible T-cell alpha-chemoattractant (I-TAC), which specifically chemoattract activate...

Type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta) modulate innate immune responses. Here we show activation of transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3, the synthesis of large amounts of IFN-beta mRNA, and type I IFN signal transduction in macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Expression of the bacterial virulence protein listeriolysin O was necessary, but not sufficient, for efficient IFN-beta prod...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection upregulates genes of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, which utilize a feedback loop to inhibit type I interferon dependent antiviral signaling pathway. Here, we reconstituted RSV nonstructural (NS) protein expression plasmids (pNS1, pNS2, and pNS1/2) and tested whether NS1 or NS2 would trigger SOCS1 and SOCS3 protein expression. The...

IFN-γ-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is critical for controlling chlamydial infection through microbicidal nitric oxide (NO) production. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), as a new proinflammatory cytokine, has been shown to play a protective role in host defense against Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) infection. To define the related mechanism, we investigated, in the present study...

objective(s) although, type 2 diabetes is the most frequent type of diabetes, its main cause is yet to be clarified. several environmental and genetic parameters are believed to be involved in diabetes. it has also been established that cytokines play key roles in pathogenesis of diabetes. expression of cytokines is different from person to person and in different societies. several studies sho...

The restricted expression of the human Fc gamma R1b gene to myeloid cells is likely to be regulated by a combination of transcription factors that may not be solely expressed in myeloid cells, but act together to restrict the expression of the gene to myeloid cells. Low basal expression of the human Fc gamma R1b gene is specifically upregulated by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). A 181-bp region o...