Economic disruptions (techonological change, trade liberalization, immigration flows) generally create winners and losers, i.e., wage gains for some individuals losses others. The compensation problem consists of designing a reform the existing income tax system that offsets wefare by redistributing winners. We derive closed-form formula compensating its impact on government budget when only di...

In the last decade, a number of bacterial species were shown to possess the ability to transmit morphological and biochemical characters to deficient strains. Tumor-inducing ability or virulence in crown-gall bacteria is such a biochemical character, and the acquisition of virulence is here taken to be the acquisition by avirulent strains of bacteria of the ability to synthesize a tumor-inducin...

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are ultrafine, filamentous actin-based cytoplasmic extensions which form spontaneously to connect cells at short and long-range distances. We have previously described long-range intercellular communication via TNTs connecting mesothelioma cells in vitro and demonstrated TNTs in intact tumors from patients with mesothelioma. Here, we investigate the ability of TNTs to...

The intractability of malignant gliomas to multimodality treatments plays a large part in their extremely poor prognosis. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that induces apoptosis preferentially in tumor cells through binding to its cognate death receptors, DR4 and DR5. Here we show that the DNA-damaging ch...

“abstraction principle” means separation between two obligations incommercial instruments: underlying obligation and documentary obligationthat created by drawing these documents. the main effect of this principle isthat objections related to first obligation, cannot be claim in second; wherethere is a third party. to obtain a real and comprehensive perspective of thisprinciple in iranian law, ...

BACKGROUND To extend the potency of vaccines against infectious diseases, vaccines should be able to exploit multiple arms of the immune system. One component of the immune system that is under-used in vaccine design is the subset of B cells known to be capable of responding to repetitive antigenic epitopes and differentiate into plasma cells even in the absence of T cell help (T-independent, T...