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Abstract. In this paper, we present a new ontology-based formalism for representing patent information. The framework defines concepts and relations for the major aspects of patent information pertaining to patent metadata, patent content structure, patent semantics, and patent classification. Each aspect is logically covered by an individual ontology module. The paper further discusses aspects...

According to the economic theory of patents, patents are needed so that pioneer firm have time to recoup their sunk costs of research and development. The key element in the economic theory is that pioneer firms have large, hard to recoup, sunk costs. Yet patents are not awarded on the basis of a firm’s sunk costs. Patent law, in fact, ignores costs. The disconnect between patent law and patent...

Identifying emerging technology trends from patents helps to understand the status of commercialization or utilization. It could provide research insights leading advanced technological innovations that stimulate socially responsible address human dietary and medical needs. However, few studies have investigated chitosan applications using patents. In this study, we report application a patent ...

Patent Blue (PB) dye removal from an aqueous medium was investigated using pineapple fruit peel biochar (PFPB). The presence of functional groups and surface characteristics PFPB studied Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A study conducted to assess the pH effect, contact time, concentration dye, dose, speed agitation, temperature on PB (Patent Blue) b...

Many areas of academic and industrial work make use of the notion of a ‘technology’. This paper attempts to reduce the ambiguity around the definition of what constitutes a ‘technology’ by extension of a method described previously that finds highly relevant patent sets for specified technological fields. The method relies on a less ambiguous definition that includes both a functional component...

The growth of patent thickets—technology fields that are characterized by a large overlap of rights between different right holders—poses a challenge for innovators. Patent thickets are argued to create strong friction in innovation due to a pronounced potential for holdup. So far, we do not know whether patent thickets coincide in all patent systems or if differences exist that policy makers a...

Patent data have long been used as an indicator of the output of innovative processes. While simple patent counts are publicly available and easily obtained, the private and social value of innovations protected by patents varies widely, making patent counts too noisy an indicator of innovative output in many cases. In finding good measures of the value of patents, it is essential to observe th...

From lithium-ion batteries to human organs, the boundaries of additive manufacturing innovation are rapidly expanding. Traditionally reserved for industrial applications, additive manufacturing (also known as three-dimensional (“3D”) printing) is creeping into mainstream and consumer use. With larger scale adoption comes a significant increase in intellectual property (“IP”) disputes among thos...