It was generally understood during the 1960s and 1970s that, with economic growth, the informal economy would shrink. But despite strong global growth that coincided with a massive increase in international trade, many jobs in developing countries remain in the informal economy. The share of employment in the informal economy has been persistent in many developing countries over recent decades ...

Working Paper Series Abstract Hierarchy is a generic structure in which levels are asymmetrically ordered. In an industry setting, classic supply chains display strict hierarchy, whereas clusters of firms have linkages going in many different directions. Previous theory has often assumed the existence of the hierarchical relationships among firms and empirical work has focused on a single level...

The Study of Innovation and Technology in China (SITC) is a project of the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. SITC Policy Briefs provide analysis and recommendations based on the work of project participants. Author's views are their own. Summary O ver the past two decades, the relationship between China's civilian and military industrial sectors has been und...