Subsidies are considered important means to facilitate the provision of public transit, yet the empirical evidence implies that they can have harming effects on costs and possibly also on operators’ performance. This paper examines the impacts of deficit-balancing subsidies on the cost inefficiency of local public bus companies in Germany, where a complex system allocates ample financial suppor...

The price of anarchy is by now a standard measure for quantifying the inefficiency introduced in games due to selfish behavior, and is defined as the ratio between the optimal outcome and the worst Nash equilibrium. However, the price of anarchy is not even defined in games that admit no Nash equilibrium. We propose the dynamic inefficiency measure, which quantifies the average inefficiency int...

We examine the effect of risk tolerance downstream firms (i.e., customers) on investment inefficiency upstream suppliers). Using pilot licensing status CEOs as a proxy for their inherent tolerance, we find that customer led by are associated with suppliers’ inefficiency, where is more pronounced when suppliers have less bargaining power over customers. Our dynamic analysis confirms causative re...

the study examines production efficiency of farmers under national fadama-ii project in oyo state nigeria. primary data were collected from two hundred and sixty-four farmers using multistage sampling technique. the analytical framework used for the study include: descriptive, infrastructure index, gross margin and stochastic frontier production function. average infrastructural index in the ar...