In the developing fly wing, secreted morphogens such as Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg) form gradients of concentration providing positional information. Dpp forms a longer-range gradient than Wg. To understand how the range is controlled, we measured the four key kinetic parameters governing morphogen spreading: the production rate, the effective diffusion coefficient, the degradation ...

The paper addresses a method for spreading messages in social networks through an initial acceleration by “spreading groups”. These groups start the spread which eventually reaches a larger portion of the network. The use of spreading groups creates a final flow which resembles the spread through the nodes with the highest level of influence (opinion leaders). While harnessing opinion leaders t...

Identifying the most influential spreaders that maximize information flow is a central question in network theory. Recently, a scalable method called "Collective Influence (CI)" has been put forward through collective influence maximization. In contrast to heuristic methods evaluating nodes' significance separately, CI method inspects the collective influence of multiple spreaders. Despite that...

cortical spreading depression (csd) are associated with dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, increased energy metabolism and changes in cerebral blood flow. there is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that csd is involved in the mechanism of migraine, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. therefore,...

objective headache is a frequent symptom in children and adolescents. migraine is one of the most common types of primary headache disorders in children that at times can be extremely disabling. many clinical features of migraine in children differ from that starting in adulthood. this review discusses the epidemiology,clinical features, management, and prognosis of migraine headache in childre...

The paper investigates the notion of outage, as an assessment of the likelihood of a bit being in error, for chaos-based communication systems. It is seen as a complementary measure of performance to bit error rate. For antipodal chaos shift keying (CSK) a theoretically exact formula is derived which is then used in specific cases to obtain useful qualitative and quantitative information. Illus...

Conficker is a computer worm that erupted on the Internet in 2008. It is unique in combining three different spreading strategies: local probing, neighbourhood probing, and global probing. We propose a mathematical model that combines three modes of spreading: local, neighbourhood, and global, to capture the worm's spreading behaviour. The parameters of the model are inferred directly from netw...

Results of cognitive psychology research are analysed to explain why it is diicult for retrieval system users to bring to mind alternative search terms. A human memory model is modiied in such a way that it produces additional search terms instead of human associations. A small experiment shows that such a spreading activation network can nd alternative terms-with a performance similar to the n...