the concept of “form of literary work” highly significant in formalism depends on the two following suggestions. 1) any part of literature, from word to speech, must be studied and known on the basis of its relationship with other parts or constitutes. thus, recognition of structural or original foundation of the works of art is the most important function of any given literary research. 2)...

The inner ear not only transduces sound-induced vibration into electrical signals, it also amplifies weak sound to boost its detection. The actuators of this active process are sensory outer hair cells in the organ of Corti, whereas the inner hair cells ensure that the sound-induced signals reach the auditory nerve. However, how the outer hair cells modulate the stimulus to the inner hair cells...

This paper is aimed at revealing the inner structures of intentions of speech through demonstrating a method of parsing intentions of speech. The intentions of speech are parsed separately, which is inspired by Searle’s notation ( ) . In this research, both the propositional content and the illocutionary forces are represented as semantic frames, the categories of which are combined together wi...

Most segmental speech errors probably are articulatory blends of competing segments. Perceptual consequences were studied in listeners' reactions to misspoken segments. 291 speech fragments containing misspoken initial consonants plus 291 correct control fragments, all stemming from earlier SLIP experiments, were presented for identification to listeners. Results show that misidentifications (i...

Human speech is inherently multi-modal, consisting of both audio and visual components. Recently researchers have shown that the incorporation of information about the position of the lips into acoustic speech recognisers enables robust recognition of noisy speech. In the case of Hidden Markov Model-recognition, we show that this happens because the visual signal stabilises the alignment of sta...

The approach described in the paper tries to get more knowledge to the concatenative text-to-speech system design. The knowledge is based on masking phenomenon of the inner ear, particularly of its temporal (forward) masking properties. Designing such knowledge-based system is suggested to use in the unit selection-based speech synthesis, as contemporary a prominent technique in concatenative s...