– All-unit order frequency discount • 94%-effective policy for a variable base period – Incremental order frequency discount • 94%-effective policy for a fixed base period • 98%-effective policy for a variable base period Introduction • A supply chain is a network of facilities that procure raw materials, transform them into intermediate goods and then final products, and deliver the products t...

The reports presented by consulting firms show that annual energy costs generated by 340 million streetlights are expected to reach $23.9 to $42.5 billion by 2025. Those numbers reveal a motivation behind the research aiming at optimizing outdoor lighting energy efficiency. They show that even a small unit improvement can yield large benefits due to the effect of scale. The development of solid...

The all-pair-shortest-path (APSP) problem has a general application in many research fields. Different types of applications have different performance requirements. A traffic safety project in identifying spatially close crashes favors a pre-calculated APSP between all reference-sites in the roadway network. However, with the actual size of a practical statewide roadway network, the targeted A...

This paperlooks at litter cleanup efforts and associated costs in Michigan, and attempts to determine the proportion of litter composed of discarded beverage containers. A few studies have previously attempted to estimate cost savings from the reduced beverage container litter resulting from container deposit programs. However, the previous studies have looked only at roadway litter. Roadway li...

Wireless access vehicle environment (WAVE) architecture of intelligent transportation system has been standardized in IEEE 802.11p standard and it is going to be widely deployed in many roadway environments in order to provide convenient services. However, the IEEE 802.11p contention-based medium access control protocol would significantly downgrade transmission efficiency between road side uni...

Pervasive smart computing environments make people get accustomed to convenient and secure services. The overall goal of this research is to classify vehicles along the I215 freeway in Salt Lake City, USA. This information will be used to predict future roadway needs and the expected life of a roadway. The classification of vehicles will be performed by a synthesis of multiple sets of features....

Several previous studies have been performed to evaluate the performance of vehicle headlamps with new technologies (e.g., high-intensity discharge, light-emitting diode, and adaptive forward lighting systems). Most of these studies have provided empirical evidence suggesting the promise of these newer technologies for improving roadway safety by improving visual performance of drivers. Recent ...

How does driving experience help in the development of situation awareness? A comparison of detection rates of roadway hazards that involved other road users by inexperienced and experienced car drivers and experienced motorcycle riders with car driving experience was conducted under laboratory conditions. Motorcycle rider-drivers, due to their greater breadth of road experiences, were predicte...

Information on 2558 persons treated for injuries incurred while bicycling or walking was collected from eight hospital emergency departments over approximately a one-year time period. The emergency departments represented a mix of urban and suburban/rural sites in three states--California, New York, and North Carolina. The data were collected on special survey forms and included detailed inform...