Venomous snakes often display extensive variation in venom composition both between and within species. However, the mechanisms underlying the distribution of different toxins and venom types among populations and taxa remain insufficiently known. Rattlesnakes (Crotalus, Sistrurus) display extreme inter- and intraspecific variation in venom composition, centered particularly on the presence or ...

We study quantum interference effects on Josephson current in T-shaped double dots (TDQDs) with one of them (the central dot) is sandwiched between the left and right topological superconductor nanowires hosting Majorana bound states (MBSs). find that current’s magnitude suppressed by inter-dot coupling induces effect, unchanged jump at particular phase difference two from which effect arises. ...

introduction: irrational drug prescription is a controversial issue around the world that inter-feres not only with the patient's life but also with the society and economy. despite few studies, there is no enough data on the prescription ha bits of dental practitioners. so, we aimed at eva luating the same issue in rasht, iran. materials and methods: this cross-sectional re-trospective st...

This study concerns to evaluate the morphological and flavonoid variations, and chemotaxonomy among seven Scutellaria species. The limits of Scutellaria species were disturbed by different factors including hybridization and polymorphism. For this purpose, 39 Scutellaria accessions were collected from different natural habitats of Zagros region, Iran. A total of 15 quantitative and 20 qualitati...

Hybrid speciation has played a significant role in the evolution of angiosperms at the polyploid level. However, relatively little is known about the importance of hybrid speciation at the diploid level. Two species of Penstemon have been proposed as diploid hybrid derivatives based on morphological data, artificial crossing studies, and pollinator behavior observations: Penstemon spectabilis (...

Cytochrome P450 1b-hydroxylase (P45011b) is an important steroidogenic enzyme for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production in vertebrates. In teleosts, P45011b also plays a role in the production of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), the predominant androgen in male fish. In this study, we cloned a cDNA encoding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) testicular P45011b. The cDNA contains 1,740 nu...

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, is a model species for elucidating mechanisms underlying adaptively differentiated subpopulations in the face of reciprocal gene flow, and is a major pest of cultivated maize in North America and Eurasia. Strains are characterized by different pheromone communication systems in combination with voltinism strains that are adapted to distinct local cli...

High-throughput, microarray-based chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-chip) technology allows in vivo elucidation of transcriptional networks. However this complex is not yet readily accessible, in part because its many parameters have not been systematically evaluated and optimized. We address this gap by systematically assessing experimental-design parameters including antibody purity, dye-bi...

Aim of the study: This study aims to establish inter-racial hybridization in Cedrus deodara from Garhwal Himalaya, India.
 Material and methods:Racial was conducted successfully taking pollen (male gamete) three different races/populations, i.e. Dhanoulti, Pauri Harsil (locality-specific) at Dandachali population where female/ovulate cones were selected as mother trees.
 Main results:...