Several bacterial pathogens are targeted by macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter), and autophagy is widely recognized as an important antibacterial defence mechanism [1]. On the other hand, new work has shown that some bacterial pathogens have mechanisms to avoid or exploit the autophagy machinery for intracellular survival [2–4]. Strikingly, the host cytoskeleton plays a crucial ...

Ryan P. Hobbs, Juliane C. Lessard and Pierre A. Coulombe* Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins...

The social arrangement of organizations determines the potential possibilities all group agents in several economic and Operations Research (OR) situations. In this paper, a class cooperative games which with individual are connected via hierarchy within an organization is studied. leader, agent, any intermediate specified constitute important refering to peer form We consider uncertanty payoff...

entering into the third millennium and current information age, organizations andpeople are increasingly using technologies and networks. in recent decades,technological progresses have rapidly dominated the world. in this vein, theemergence of the internet in different aspects of life is considered to be the greatestdevelopment of the 21st century. the internet, along with technologicaladvance...

psychological strain, physical and mental pressur. called stress is a part of daily life for all managers and employees. organizational changes, expectations of employees from management, technological changes, society expectations and personal involvement cause a person to be strained and depressed so that he, or she gets involved in pressure, conflict, and frustration. as dr. selye explains, ...

BACKGROUND Promoting national health research agendas in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) requires adequate numbers of individuals with skills to initiate and conduct research. Recently, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have joined research capacity building efforts to increase research leadership by LMIC nationals. Partners In Health, an international NGO operating in Rwanda, impl...