Our previous studies in depth perception (Meng & Sedgwick, 2001) have supported a surface representation of 3-D layout. In such a representation, space is defined by surfaces, and distance is specified along those surfaces rather than through empty space (Alhazen, 1989, p. 155; Gibson, 1950, p. 6; Sinai, Ooi, & He, 1998; reviewed in Sedgwick, 2001). There is increasing evidence that visible sur...