writing projects are socially-situated identities. the rhetorically-loaded aspects of writing, like metadiscourse marking, are more prone to carry such identities. through analyzing metadiscourse strategies employment in persian and english (as the lingua franca of academic discourse community) research articles, this study makes an attempt to find out whether persian native writers take on the...

In this paper, we use the algebra methods, the properties of the r-circulant matrix and the geometric circulant matrix to study the upper and lower bound estimate problems for the spectral norms of a geometric circulant matrix involving the generalized k-Horadam numbers, and we obtain some sharp estimations for them. We can also give a new estimation for the norms of a r-circulant matrix involv...

We present a set of 150 pictures with morphologically complex English compound names. The pictures were collected from various sources and were standardized to appear as grayscale line drawings of a fixed size. All the compounds had two constituents and were primarily of the noun-noun type. Following previous studies, we collected name agreement (percentage and H), familiarity, image agreement,...

Achievement gaps, as measured by standardized tests, are inextricably related to educational goals, standards, norms, and benchmarks for student learning outcomes. I revisit conventional approaches to educational testing to measure achievement gaps—norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, and potential-referenced tests. I explore and discuss a paradigm shift from “passive” tests to “responsive” t...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) and EEG are used to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). We aimed at standardizing PHES in Italy and comparing Italian, German and Spanish norms in EEG characterized cirrhotic patients. METHODS PHES was standardized on 228 normal individuals. Repeatability was studied in 128 individuals. One hundred patients with liver c...

Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a very eective method to evaluate the relative eciency of decision-making units (DMUs). DEA models divided all DMUs in two categories: ecient and inecientDMUs, and don't able to discriminant between ecient DMUs. On the other hand, the observedvalues of the input and output data in real-life problems are sometimes imprecise or vague, suchas interval data, ordinal da...