A principal wants an agent to complete a project. The agent undertakes unobservable effort, which affects in each period the probability that the project is completed. We characterise the contracts that the principal sets, with and without commitment. With full commitment, the contract involves the agent’s value and wage declining over time, in order to give the agent incentives to exert effort...

CdSe nanostructures were synthesized by using green chemical route as starch was used as capping agent. XRD, HR-TEM, SEAD, UV and PL studies were made for structural and optical properties of the prepared sample. Film morphology and the thickness measurement of n-CdSe were carried out with AFM analysis. I-V characteristics curve of this junction confirmed the formation of Schottky contact betwe...

The conceptual difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) is well established in physics and chemistry. This distinction, however, is not widely appreciated in dynamical descriptions of biological populations in terms of differential equations in which fixed point, steady state, and equilibrium are all synonymous. We study NESS in a stochastic SIS (susceptible-infect...

Isotropic Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Equilibrium Equations and generalized Anisotropic Magnetohydrodynamic (Chew–Goldberger–Low, CGL) Equilibrium Equations possess infinite-dimensional groups of intrinsic symmetries. We show that certain non-trivial Lie point transformations (that can be obtained by direct application of the general Lie group analysis method) are equivalent to Bogoyavlenskij sym...

PURPOSE The problem of optimal strategy in cancer chemotherapy is reconsidered. Two incompatible goals should be completed: the number of cancer cells in the patient's body should be reduced and the toxic effect of the therapy should be minimized. Such problem may be formulated in optimal control. The control function is the amount of the drug administered in the time unit. METHODS The Malthu...

Using complementary approaches of potentiometry and NMR spectroscopy, we have determined that the equilibrium acid dissociation constant (pKa value) of the arginine guanidinium group is 13.8 ± 0.1. This is substantially higher than that of ∼ 12 often used in structure-based electrostatics calculations and cited in biochemistry textbooks. The revised intrinsic pKa value helps explains why argini...

We characterize intrinsic Lipschitz functions as maps which can be approximated by a sequence of smooth maps, with pointwise convergent intrinsic gradient. We also provide an estimate of the Lipschitz constant of an intrinsic Lipschitz function in terms of the L∞−norm of its intrinsic gradient.

A binding study of nickel ions by a new recombinant human Growth Hormone (hGH), produced as an injected drug, has been done at 27 ̊C in NaCl solution (50 mM) using an isothermal titration calorimetry. There is a set of three identical and non-interacting binding sites for nickel ions. The intrinsic dissociation equilibrium constant and the molar enthalpy of binding are 40 M and -16.5 kJ/mol, res...

Qualitative simulation faces an intrinsic problem of scale: the number of limit hypotheses grows exponentially with the number of parameters approaching limits. We present a method called TimeScale Abstraction for structuring a complex system as a hierarchy of smaller, interacting equilibrium mechanisms. Within this hierarchy, a given mechanism views a slower one as being constant, and a faster...