Among Alexander Langmuir's many accomplishments in public health and epidemiology, his contributions to public health surveillance were pivotal. Langmuir credited William Farr with founding the modem concepts of surveillance in the nineteenth century (1). However, it was Langmuir who built on his own introduction to public health practice in the Westchester County (New York) Health Department t...

Margaret Masterman was one of six students in Wittgenstein’s course of 1933–1934 whose notes were compiled as The Blue Book (Wittgenstein 1958, which is the first publication after the mimeographed copies that were circulated informally). In the late 1950s, she founded the Cambridge Language Research Unit (CLRU) as a discussion group, which evolved into one of the pioneering centers of research...

Fetal well-being was estimated by the enlargement of maternal abdomen, palpation of fetus on the abdomen, maternal perception of fetal kicking, and listening to fetal heart sound with obstetric stethoscope, in old age. Antique diagnosis of fetal life was fetal QRS found on limb lead electrocardiogram (ECG) studied by Cremer, which was progressed to fetal ECG amplifier composed of vacuum tube re...

The introduction and evolution of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) could be traced back to 1950s, to the studies on interactions among irradiation, covering spleen and bone marrow from it and injection of bone marrow cells. Today, HSCT is considered a well-established, effective and promising means of therapy for various malignant and non-malignant medical conditions, both in chil...

Introduction The Ivery great increase in the incidence of the sexually transmitted diseases (STD)tJhroughout,the 1960s has been one of the most disaJppointing and unexpected medical .and social developments of our times. It had ,been hoped that with the advent of penic1llin and other antibiotics in the bte 1940s that the number of new pa,tients with these [nfections would have declined, and tha...

1.1 Historical background Antonio Beniviene was the first to describe mesenteric ischemia as early as the 15th century. It was not before the mid 19th century during which the entity was extensively reported and researched after case reports by Virchow and others. The first successful surgical treatment of acute mesenteric ischmia (AMI) was performed by Elliot, who, in 1895, performed a resecti...