n June 1997 a sixteen-year-old girl named Shannon Nixon began to I feel ill. Her parents belonged to the Faith Tabernacle Church, one of a number of American sects which believe that illness should be treated spiritually rather than medically. Accordingly, the Nkons prayed for Shannon and took her to be anointed at their church. Shannon reported that she felt better and that the spiritual treat...

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The question addressed in this paper is how the degree of justification of a belief is determined. A conclusion may be supported by several different arguments, the arguments typically being defeasible, and there may also be arguments of varying strengths for defeaters for some of the supporting arguments. What is sought is a way of computing the “on sum” degree of justification of a conclusion...

In an earlier paper we have shown that a proposition can have a welldefined probability value, even if its justification consists of an infinite linear chain. In the present paper we demonstrate that the same holds if the justification takes the form of a closed loop. Moreover, in the limit that the size of the loop tends to infinity, the probability value of the justified proposition is always...

Justification logics are logics of knowledge in which explicit reasons are formally represented. Standard logics of knowledge have justification logic analogs. Connecting justification logics and logics of knowledge are Realization Theorems. In this paper we give a new, constructive proof of the Realization Theorem connecting S5 and its justification analog, JS5. This proof is, I believe, the s...

We describe a general logical framework, Justification Logic, for reasoning about epistemic justification. Justification Logic is based on classical propositional logic augmented by justification assertions t : F that read t is a justification for F. Justification Logic absorbs basic principles originating from both mainstream epistemology and the mathematical theory of proofs. It contributes t...

In recent years, there has been a lot of research in an attempt to provide a deeper understanding of optimal control models from a theoretical as well as an application point of view. In particular, an attractive feature of these models is that they provide good scheduling, production and inventory policies in a variety of settings. Furthermore, they approximate well the underlying stochasticit...

Argumentation schemes are forms of argument that capture stereotypical patterns of human reasoning, especially defeasible ones like argument from expert opinion, that have proved troublesome to view deductively or inductively. Much practical work has already been done on argumentation schemes, proving their worth in  [19], but more precise investigations are needed to formalize their structur...

the impact of installing process control systems can be expected in terms of performance improvements through reduced operating costs.  since these installations impose considerable capital expenditure, the profitability of the new systems should be economically justified. controlled variable trend was reconstructed by a combination of simple waves, which provided a means to simulate the effect...