Transdermal biosensing focuses on the qualitative and quantitative collection detection of biomarkers in skin layers. In comparison to blood-based diagnosis, transdermal sensing technologies provide pain-free, convenient, patient-friendly, infection-avoiding methods collect biosignals from samples such as interstitial fluid (ISF) sweat. This article summarizes latest trends including their appl...

BACKGROUND/AIMS The analysis of blood flow responses to iontophoresis of vasoactive drugs is often limited to evaluation of maximum responses. In this study, a time-response model is proposed for the blood flow responses to vasoactive drugs applied by iontophoresis. METHODS The microvascular bed is represented as a single compartment with a zero-order influx of the drugs from the electrode an...

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are a global public health problem and impose a huge economic burden on health care services. Homocysteine, an amino acid, is associated with coronary heart disease, while urea is a harmful metabolic substance which can be used to reflect kidney function. Monitoring of these two substances is therefore very important. This in vitro study aimed to de...

The development of an animal model for herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation is of great importance in studying HSV latency, reactivation, recurrence, and chemotherapy. Epinephrine iontophoresis to the cornea can induce HSV type 1 (HSV-1) ocular shedding from latently infected rabbits. In the present experiment, adrenergic induction of HSV-1 was enhanced by iontophoresis of 6-hydroxydopamine ...

Purpose. Reverse iontophoresis is an alternative to blood sampling for the monitoring of endogenous molecules. Here, the potential of the technique to measure urea and potassium levels non-invasively, and to track their concentrations during hemodialysis, has been examined. Materials and Methods. In vitro experiments were performed to test (a) a series of subdermal urea and potassium concentrat...

Skin microvascular responses to iontophoresis of acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, and sodium nitroprusside, an endothelium-independent vasodilator, were measured using a laser Doppler imager whose software controlled iontophoretic current delivery in an integrated fashion. A novel feature involved monitoring voltage across the iontophoresis chambers during current applicatio...

Norepinephrine (NE) is an easily oxidized neurotransmitter that is found throughout the brain. Considerable evidence suggests that it plays an important role in neurocircuitry related to fear and anxiety responses. In certain subregions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), NE is found in large amounts. In this work we probed differences in electrically evoked release of NE and its...