The issue of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in the North-South context has been the subject of some controversy. The question that has been raised is whether a stronger IPR regime is bene ̄cial or harmful for the South. While a stronger IPR enforcement can increase innovation in the North, it reduces the rate of adoption of new technology by the South. This paper attempts to address this is...

Since 1995, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been introduced commercially into US agriculture by a handful of vertically coordinated “life science” firms who have fundamentally altered the structure of the seed industry. Enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) for biological innovations has been the major incentive for a concentration tendency in the upstream sector. On the...

In some technological frame-works, such as Charge Routing Networks (CRNs), or fiber-optic filters, only positive state–space realizations of digital signal processing algorithms, such as filters or control laws, can be implemented. On the other hand, the imposition of an a priori positivity constraint on the processing algorithm is a too strong design limitation. For this reason, some authors s...

BACKGROUND Within erythrocytes (RBCs), cAMP levels are regulated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Increases in cAMP and ATP release associated with activation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) and prostacyclin receptors (IPRs) are regulated by PDEs 2, 4 and PDE 3, respectively. Here we establish the presence of cytosolic PDEs in RBCs and determine a role for PDE5 in regulating levels of cGMP. MAT...

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are viewed as being of increasing importance in many fields of business. However, one potential hindrance to their being considered of significant value, is the lack of appreciation of practical methods of valuing them particularly early in their life under conditions of uncertainty about their future prospects. Lack of practical valuation methods under such ...

In this note, a wide range of innovation indicators are analysed in order to describe the innovation behaviour of manufacturing firms in LAC using the recently released Enterprise Surveys 2010. The Enterprise Surveys define innovation rates as the share of firms introducing product and process innovations. The survey also measures the proportion of firms investing in research and development (R...

The notion of open innovation suggests that firms can boost their innovative performance by both acquiring knowledge from outside the company and deploying external paths to market for commercialization of non-core technologies. As innovations emerge increasingly from interorganisational cooperation, the background for such cooperation can also have an impact on the involvement of companies int...

The paper attempts a critical assessment of both the theory and the empirical evidence on the role of appropriability and in particular of Intellectual Property Right (IPR) as incentives for technological innovation. We start with a critical discussion of the standard justification of the attribution of IPR in terms of “market failures” in knowledge generation. Such an approach we argue misses ...

The paper attempts a critical assessment of both the theory and the empirical evidence on the role of appropriability and in particular of Intellectual Property Right (IPR) as incentives for technological innovation. We start with a critical discussion of the standard justification of the attribution of IPR in terms of “market failures” in knowledge generation. Such an approach we argue misses ...

The paper which will introduce the book Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Economic Challenges for Development, edited by M. Cimoli, G. Dosi, K. Maskus, R. Okediji, J. Reichman and J. Stiglitz, Oxford University Press, forthcoming discusses the role of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the process of development, both from the point of view of the theory and on the grounds of the histo...