introduction: supplies of illegal drugs play determinant roles in developing new cases, relapse after treatment and some health criteria. recently, iran has encountered an illicit new coming drug which belongs to opioids. this article presents the crack supply in retail market in tehran.   method: this qualitative study was conducted in 2009 in tehran. in-depth interviews with drug dealers, dru...

The propagation of cracks in graded materials under monotonic and cyclic loading was investigated via experiment and simulation. Graded alumina/epoxy composite specimens exhibiting a variation in composition from 5% to 65% epoxy, representing a twenty-fold variation in Young’s modulus, across a region of width between 6 and 20 mm, were produced by a multistep infiltration technique. Crack initi...

Crack tip deformations and fracture parameters in functionally graded glass-filled epoxy beams are experimentally evaluated under static and dynamic loading conditions. Beams with unidirectional, monotonic elastic gradients and cracks along the gradient are examined. SEN samples with increasing or decreasing Young’s modulus ahead of the crack tip are studied in symmetric four-point bending and ...

In this work, fracture behavior of multilayered unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite (T800/3900-2) materials is investigated. Rectangular coupons with a single-edged notch are studied under geometrically symmetric loading configurations and impact loading conditions. The notch orientation parallel to or at an angle to the fiber orientation is considered to produce mode-I or mixed-mode (mode-...

Based on the analytical solution of Crouch to the problem of a constant discontinuity in displacement over a finite line segment in an infinite elastic solid, in the present paper, the crack-tip displacement discontinuity elements, which can be classified as the left and the right crack-tip elements, are presented to model the singularity of stress near a crack tip. Furthermore, the crack-tip e...

Plate impact experiments are conducted to study the dynamic fracture processes in 4340 VAR steel which occur on submicrosecond timescales. These experiments involve the plane strain loading of a planar crack by a plane tensile pulse with a duration of approximately 1 /xs. The loading is achieved by impacting a precracked, disk-shaped specimen by a thin flyer plate. Motion of the rear surface of...

The fracture and crack growth of mechanical structures is a usual phenomenon which is due to the application of tensile, cyclic loading or thermal stresses on the structure. So introducing of methods to prevent the crack growth is useful. Afterward, one of the repairing methods of crack growth, consisting to make a hole in the crack tip to elimi-nate the sharp corners, was explained. This metho...

a new approach for analyzing cracked problems in 2d orthotropic materials using the well-known element free galerkin method and orthotropic enrichment functions is proposed. the element free galerkin method is a meshfree method which enables discontinuous problems to be modeled efficiently. in this study, element free galerkin is extrinsically enriched by the recently developed crack-tip orthot...

To assess genetic diversity and maternal origin of Turkish and Iranian native chicken breeds, we analyzed the mtDNA D-loop sequences of 222 chickens from 2 Turkish (Denizli and Gerze) and 7 Iranian (White Marandi, Black Marandi, Naked Neck, Common Breed, Lari, West Azarbaijan, and New Hampshire) native chicken breeds, together with the available reference sequences of G. gallus gallus in GenBan...

To better understand the ductile versus brittle fracture behavior of crystalline materials, attention should be directed towards physically realistic crack geometries. Currently, continuum models of ductile versus brittle behavior are typically based on the analysis of a pre-existing sharp crack in order to use analytical solutions for the stress 8elds around the crack tip. This paper examines ...