a response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and political forces. since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. these diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establ...

Missing trade is defined as the exports and imports that may have taken place between two potential trading partners, but which are unknown to the researcher because neither partner reported them to the United Nation’s COMTRADE, the official global repository of trade statistics. In a comprehensive sample of African countries, over 40% of the potential trade flows fit this definition. For a con...

This paper discusses trade facilitation in the context of enhancing trading links between South and Southeast Asia, in a manner understandable to the non-specialist. Presently, these two Asian regions tend to trade preferentially with distant markets. One of the reasons cited for the limited trade between themselves is that trade facilitation with trade partners in developed countries is more u...

Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are agreements among a set of countries involving preferential treatment of bilateral trade between any two parties to the agreement relative to their trade with the rest of the world. Preferences, however, need not extend to all trade between the two, and the coverage could depend on the type of PTAs. Customs unions and the so-called free trade areas are co...

This article adopts the augmented versions of Gravity Model to examine effects signing ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) on bilateral aggregate trades. Specifically, ACFTA dummy variables are incorporated in basic model is estimate direction and magnitude effects. A total 79 trading partners ASEAN member countries plus China were examined this article. The study finds that Gross Domestic...

The European Union-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), taking effect on August 2020, was expected to bring strategic benefits for Vietnam with one of its largest and most important partners. However, the United Kingdom, a leading economy within EU, left EU January same year. new free trade aggrement between UK Vietnam, known as UKVFTA, signed hope avoid missing any that EVFTA had promised. Th...

This paper estimates food miles effects for Korea. The data set is constructed using 4-digit Harmonized System codes for 169 products and each product’s trade flows with a total of 71 trading partners. The food miles level is estimated as 258 billion ton-km in 2010, which is equivalent to 5.4 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, or 1% of the total agricultural import value. Under the...

Inter-firm information exchange with respect to the reliability of trade partners may be unmediated in the sense that it involves direct communication between the personnel of two firms. Alternatively, this information flow may be channeled by or through an organization such as a trade association. We assess the relationship between these two mechanisms for conveying reputational information. B...

In this paper, we use detailed trade and transactions data for the U.S. manufacturing sector to empirically analyze the direction and magnitude of the association between firm-level exposure to trade and the volatility of employment growth. We find that, relative to purely domestic firms, firms that only export and firms that both export and import are less volatile, whereas firms that only imp...