War is one of the critical determinants of health status of populations in many parts of the world. Armed con-fl ict has been a major cause of deaths and morbidity throughout the history. 3 In the 25 confl icts during the 20 th century, 72 million deaths were confl ict-related and civilians were included in nearly half of the deaths during the armed confl icts from 1987 to1997. Two million chil...

the eight years of the imposed war was full of successes and defeats, brilliant and bad memories. this holly defense taught us many valuable lessons. by the time this war was imposed, our country was recovering from the aftermaths of the revolution and the armed forces were not in perfect state. though, our armed forces accompanied with our brave people could stop the invaders. recapturing oper...

To investigation of secondary traumatic stress disorder in wives of Iranian war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. 43 wives of Iranian war veterans who had participated in Iran-Iraq war and were diagnosed with PTSD, voluntarily entered in this study. The veterans were treated by psychiatrists of veterans’ organization, Tehran, Iran. Each woman completed a short questionnaire to...

this essay with a historical look reviews the use of chemical weapons in the world wars i and ii and other limited wars before this imposed war against iran. then, it explains the international regulations on prohibition and non-proliferation of chemical weapons. regarding iran-iraq war, the use of these weapons against iranian military forces and civilians as well as iraqi people is discussed....

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This article examines exchange rate-based stabilization in an economy that has been badly destroyed by war or other calamities. The article does this in the context of post-civil war Lebanon. Both Iraq and Afghanistan are prime candidates for such a policy. This article first demonstrates the validity of the theory and empirical regularities (initial boom followed by an economic contraction) in...

The resilience construct has received a great deal of attention as a result of the long wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The discourse about resilience, especially the promise of promoting it and mitigating risk for serious post-traumatic negative outcomes among service members and veterans, is hopeful and encouraging. Remarkably, most service members exposed to horrific war trauma are not incapac...

This paper addresses the post-war reconstruction experience of Qasr-e-Shirin, Iran, in the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). Compared with the war-damaged cities in southwest Iran, western cities such as Qasr-e-Shirin lack a post-war reconstruction assessment and documentation. With an objective view, the author aims at documenting the situation of the city almost thirty years after i...