The iron mining regions of Brazil contain thousands of “iron ore caves” (IOCs) that form within Fe(III)-rich deposits. The mechanisms by which these IOCs form remain unclear, but the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides by Fe(III) reducing bacteria (FeRB) could provide a microbiological mechanism for their formation. We evaluated the susceptibility of Fe(III) deposits associated with t...

An ongoing question in paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the central African rainforest concerns the role that prehistoric metallurgy played in shaping forest vegetation. Here we report evidence of intensive iron-ore mining and smelting in forested regions of the northern Congo Basin dating to the late Holocene. Volumetric estimates on extracted iron-ore and associated slag mounds from preh...

Biomass was used as reducing agent to roast the Baotou low-grade limonite in a high temperature vacuum atmosphere furnace. The effect of calcination temperature, time and ratio of reducing agent on the magnetic properties of calcined ore was studied by VSM. The phase and microstructure changes of limonite before and after calcination were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results show that in the ro...

In order to simplify the factor which affected on granulation properties of iron ore, experiment was conducted by using nuclei and fine ore having smooth surface. The effect particle size hematite strength investigated. results obtained are follows:

Ore grinding system is a multivariable mechanism which is used in mining industry, metallurgy, cement production, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, ceramics and various research laboratories. Previous control methods of this system include open multi-loop PID controller, Model Predictive Control (MPC), adaptive control and robust control. The mentioned techniques do not show proper performance, when ...

K e y w o r d s C o n t r o l volume, Iron ore direct reduction, Composite pellet, Axisymmetric heat transfer. 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N Some coal-based i ron ore direct reduc t ion processes are based on format ion of composi te pellets which consist of a mix ture of fines of i ron-bear ing oxide, carbonaceous mater ia l , for example, coal, coke, or char and a smal l a m o u n t of binder . ...