Associations between type 2 diabetes (and/or parameters contributing to glucose homeostasis) and genetic variation in the genes encoding insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and -2 have been reported in several populations. Recently, it has been reported that the Gly(972)Arg variant in IRS-1 was associated with reduced insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamps in German subjects with normal g...

Prediabetes model mice in which more than one gene associated with diabetes is knocked down simultaneously are potentially useful for pharmaceutical and medical studies of diabetes. However, the effective conditions for sufficient knockdown in vivo are dependent on the intrinsic properties of the target genes. It is necessary to investigate which genes are applicable or not to the in vivo knock...

BACKGROUND Insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS) mediate various effects of insulin, including regulation of glucose homeostasis, cell growth and survival. To understand the underlying mechanisms explaining the effects of the Src-related tyrosine kinase GTK on beta-cell proliferation and survival, insulin-signalling pathways involving IRS-1 and IRS-2 were studied in islet cells and RINm5F c...

Sucrose feeding reduces the ability of insulin to suppress glucose production and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The present study examined the effect of a high-sucrose diet on early insulin-signaling steps in the liver. Rats were provided a high-starch (STD, control diet) or high-sucrose diet (HSD) for 3 wk. On the day of study, overnight-fasted rats were anesthetized and injected with either saline...

Muscle atrophy occurs under various catabolic conditions, including insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or increased levels of glucocorticoids. This results from reduced levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), leading to decreased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and thereby activation of FoxO transcription factors. However, the precise mechanism of reduced IRS-1 under a catab...

Nck, an oncogenic protein composed of one SH2 and three SH3 domains, is a common target for various cell surface receptors. Nck is thought to function as an adaptor protein to couple cell surface receptors to downstream effector molecules that regulate cellular responses induced by receptor activation. In this report, we show that Nck forms a stable complex in vivo with IRS-1 in insulin-stimula...

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is used to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, but it is poorly quality assured. Quality assurance was performed in eight VL endemic districts in Bihar State, India, in 2014. Residual dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was sampled from walls using Bostik tape discs, and DDT concentrations [grams of active ingredient per square meter (g ai/m(2))] were ...

Aim: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major risk factor for both diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aims of the study were 1) to investigate the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) gene polymorphisms in patients with MetS and 2) to examine the relationships between gene polymorphisms and components of MetS. Patients & Methods: The stu...