In the United States, more than 33 million patients undergo noncardiac surgery each year, at a cost of 450 000 million dollars per year. Approximately 4% of these patients present perioperative complications, at an additional cost of 25 000 million dollars per year.1 The number of cardiovascular complications arising from non-cardiac surgery exceeds 1 million patients worldwide.2 Due to the inc...

Accounting for more than 4.5 million physician visits and 250,000 surgeries per year, rotator cuff injuries are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the United States [2, 3]. The cost per rotator cuff repair has been estimated as 15,306 US-dollars, resulting in an annual societal burden of almost 4 billion US-dollars in the United States [3]. With the growing number of rotator cuff...

The Sungun copper deposit is located in about 40km north west of Ahar city in the east Azarbaigan province of Iran. The total geological ore deposit is estimated to be 740 million tons. In this study using all information from exploration and geotechnical studies of the area, final pit limits of Sungun copper deposit is designed by the 2-D Lerchs & Grossmann Algorithm. By this method, from 740 ...

INTRODUCTION Unsafe injections are a major source of infection with blood borne pathogens including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. World Health Organization estimates the burden of disease associated with unsafe injection practices to be about 1.3 million early deaths, loss of about 26 million years of life and an annual burden of 535 million US dollars i...

The public service orphan drug Human Botulism Immune Globulin for the treatment of infant botulism would not have come into existence without the federal Orphan Drug Act and the funding mechanism that it provided to conduct pivotal clinical trials. Nonetheless, creating, developing, and achieving licensure of Human Botulism Immune Globulin took approximately 15 years and approximately $10.6 mil...

Dear Editor-in-Chief, Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus (1). Symptoms can be mild to severe (2). The most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, sneezing, and feeling tired (1). Three of the four types of influenza viruses affect people, Type A, Type B, and Type C (3, 4). Type D ha...

Objective: To estimate the economic impact of the introduction of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in high risk populations of Colombia. Methods: A full economic evaluation was done regarding potential introduction of PCV-7. A cost-effectiveness study from the perspective of the third payer was done using a Decision Model. The model considered two alternatives: with and without...