introduction earth has ever been exposed to environmental hazards. the hazards are continually occurring in the world in the recent years. among them, atmospheric elements have created many human and financial losses in different regions. one of the hazards is dust events and in its severe case is dust storm. it happens more frequently in arid and semiarid regions in deserts and their surroundi...

Global warming has accelerated climate and weather changes, impacting the regional water cycle. This study assesses temporal trends of seasonal annual runoff in Chitral River Basin (CRB) its responses to climatic factors (i.e., temperature, precipitation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) oceanic indices at large scales El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)...

Evaluation of the long-term effect ecosystem recovery projects is critical for future ecological management and sustainable development. The Three-North Shelterbelt (TNS) a large-scale afforestation project in crucial region China. Numerous researchers have evaluated vegetation quality (VEQ) TNS using single indicator. However, ecosystems are complex need to be through various indicators. We co...

Globally, the seasonal snow cover is areal largest, most short-lived and variable part of cryosphere. Remote sensing proved to be a reliable tool investigate their short-term variations worldwide. The medium-resolution sensor MODIS has been delivering daily products since year 2000. Remaining data gaps due cloud coverage or polar night are interpolated using DLR’s Global SnowPack (GSP) processo...

We propose new positive definite kernels for permutations. First we introduce a weighted version of the Kendall kernel, which allows to weight unequally the contributions of different item pairs in the permutations depending on their ranks. Like the Kendall kernel, we show that the weighted version is invariant to relabeling of items and can be computed efficiently in O(n ln(n)) operations, whe...

The two dimensional version of the Sen connection for spinors and tensors on spacelike 2-surfaces is constructed. A complex metric γ AB on the spin spaces is found which characterizes both the algebraic and extrinsic geometrical properties of the 2-surface $. The curvature of the two dimensional Sen operator ∆ e is the pull back to $ of the anti-self-dual part of the spacetime curvature while i...

In this paper we present a framework to be used for evaluation of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) projects. The framework is based on Sen ́s notion of development as freedom where human capabilities and functionings are seen as key aspects to development. Sen ́s capability approach presents an alternative way of seeing and evaluating development (alternative to mo...

1 Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China 2 Scientific Computing Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai 200234, China 3 Department of Mathematics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India 4 Department of Finance, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan 5 Department of Applied Mathematics, National Sun Yat-Sen University,...