Smart grids are the latest technology to generate and dispatch an optimal amount of power. Thus, there is a need for stability analysis in smart grid systems. If incorporated into power system, then phasor measurement unit (PMU) used measure voltage, current, frequency. Additionally, central control monitors controls However, possibility inserting wrong data as PMUs transmitting through Interne...

In traditional power systems, a dedicated communication channel is utilized to transfer the frequency measurements. With deregulation and reconstruction of information sent through shared network that makes time delays unavoidable in load control (LFC) systems. existence delays, LFC system becomes standard delay complicates stability analysis controller synthesis. this paper, we present new app...

This article develops a novel decentralized controller for multi-area secondary load frequency control (LFC) of power systems. The proposed robust-adaptive approach estimates the external disturbance input and uncertainties, which are assumed to be matched with input. In this regard, disturbance-observer state-feedback is designed. To offer systematic approach, design conditions derived in term...

This paper presents a new fractional-order proportional-integral, (PI)λ (FO[PI]) type structure to investigate the load frequency control (LFC) problem. In literature, some controllers’ extensive tuning options may slow or complicate optimization process. Due intricacy of tuning, even if there are fewer parameters, robust can be obtained. The deviates from standard FOPI, integer PID, PI-PD cont...

This paper emphasizes the significance of PID controller parameters using a slime mould algorithm (SMA) to reduce load frequency control (LFC) issues in thermal system an open market scenario. The SMA is used solve parameterization controller, which was formulated as optimization problem.The performance improves dynamic characteristics each area, and also deviations tie line power after sudden ...

In this article, the problem of voltage and frequency stability in a hybrid multi-area power system including renewable energy sources (RES) electric vehicles has been investigated. Fractional order systems have used to design innovative controllers for both load control (LFC) automatic regulator (AVR) based on combination fractional proportional-integral proportional-integral-derivative plus d...

Abstract In this paper, the impact of communication time delays (CTDs) on combined load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) a multi-area system with hybrid generation units is addressed. Investigation reveals that CTDs have significant effect performance. A classical PID controller employed as secondary regulator its parametric gains are optimized differential evoluti...

In this work, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of interconnected multi–area hydrothermal power systems. Area 1&2 are thermal power systems and area 3 is a hydro power system, all the areas are interconnected through the appropriate tie-line. Thermal and hydro power plants are applied with reheat turbine and e...

This paper presents a fuzzy PID control including SMES for the solution Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem in a deregulated power system that operate under deregulation based on the bilateral policy scheme. The SMES units and fuzzy PID controller are expected to compensate for the sudden load change, as the most effective contermeasure. In order to overcome difficulty of accuracy constructing...

Processing and storage (4 ± 1°C) quality of Low-fat buffalo mozzarella cheese (BMC) was evaluated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as fat replacer. Five treatments of BMC viz. Control full-fat cheese (6.0% milk fat; CFFC), Control low-fat cheese (<0.5% MF) without CMC (CLFC), Low-fat cheese with 0.2% CMC (LFC-1), 0.4% CMC (LFC-2) and 0.6% CMC (LFC-3) were comparatively evaluated. Melting time...