Although concept maps have been found to be effective in science education research, these are critiqued for being informal due to informal usage of relation and attribute names thereby resulting in ambiguity. Refined concept mapping, a development over the regular concept mapping is an approach towards introducing rigor and parsimony in representing knowledge. The method proposed suggests to s...

The recognition of conceptual knowledge as a critical element in effective content-area instruction has been advanced by the development of concept mapping applications to instruction. This paper broadens awareness of how concept mapping can serve as a basis for linking instructional strategies that when combined with concept mapping form an instructional system teachers are able to use to impr...

In data exchange, one is typically given a source database instance and a mapping between a source schema and a target schema. The goal then is to materialize a target database instance that corresponds to the source instance and the mapping. In this setting source data is explicitly given, that is, every fact that is true in it is explicitly mentioned in the source database instance. Knowledge...