One of the big challenges in understanding text, i.e., constructing an overall coherent representation of the text, is that much information needed in that representation is unstated (implicit). Thus, in order to "fill in the gaps" and create an overall representation, language processing systems need a large amount of world knowledge, and creating those knowledge resources remains a fundamenta...

The paper discusses an approach which allows the specification of a knowledge-based system (kbs) at several levels. The Knowledge Acquisition and Representation Language KARL combines a description of a kbs at the conceptual level supported by graphical modelling primitives with a description at a formal and executable level. Therefore, a KARLspecification can be used as a means for communicati...

This paper reports on a case-study of applying the general purpose and widely accepted methodology CommonKADS to a clinical practice guideline. CommonKADS is focussed on obtaining a compact knowledge model. However, guidelines usually contain incomplete and ambiguous knowledge. So, the resulting knowledge model will be incomplete and we will need to detect what parts of the guideline knowledge ...

Motivated by the concept of Communicative Language Ability and the eminence of the IELTS exam, this study intended to scrutinize the representation of functional knowledge (FK) and socio-linguistic knowledge (SK) as sub-components of pragmatic knowledge in the writing performances of both tasks of the online General IELTS-practice resources across three band scores. This quantitative inter-scor...

The Semantic Web is fastly being developed with RDF (and RDFS) being widely accepted as core representation formalism. On the basis of RDF, a number of proposals have been made to provide a semantically richer language. Due to the many different, often conflicting requirements that knowledge representation languages deal with, there does not appear a single language on the horizon, but rather a...

In recent years, following the rapid development in the Semantic Web and Knowledge Management research, ontologies have become more in demand in Natural Language Processing. An increasing number of systems use ontologies either internally, for modelling the domain of the application, or as data structures that hold the output resulting from the work of the system, in the form of knowledge bases...

This paper presents a technique for interpreting output demands by a natural language sentence generator in a formally transparent and efficient way. These demands are stated in a logical language. A network knowledge base organizes the concepts of the application domain into categories known to the generator. The logical expressions are interpreted by the generator using the knowledge base and...

The paper discusses an approach which allows the specification of a knowledge-based system (kbs) at several levels. The Knowledge Acquisition and Representation Language KARL combines a description of a kbs at the conceptual level supported by graphical modelling primitives with a description at a formal and executable level. Therefore, a KARLspecification can be used as a means for communicati...

We introduce the ML-Peba system, a system which generates textual descriptions of animals in both English and Spanish from an abstract knowledge base. The system relies upon a phrasal lexicon for linguistic realization. The paper discusses the pros and cons of this approach for multilingual generation, suggesting that its use enables a more language-independent knowledge representation than mos...

The knowledge representation field is gaining momentum with the advent of the Semantic Web activity within the W3C. This working group, thanks to previous researches, has proposed the Ontology Web Language to enhance the expressivity of web pages and to allow semantic inferences. This paper argues that knowledge representation technologies should be core components of multi-agent platforms. In ...