The Cleanroom software developmentThis paper is a report of an application of the meth-approach is intended to produce highly reliableod described in [Albrecht83].software by integrating formal methods for specification and design, nonexecution-based program de-Berger85velopment, and statistically based independent testing. In an empirical study, 15 three-person teams<lb...

Regulations that govern the social and environmental impacts of global firms and markets without state enforcement are a relatively new dimension of global business regulation. The growth of such voluntary “civil regulations” reflects both the expansion of legitimate authority in the global economy outside the state and the increasing use of alternative regulatory instruments to govern firms, i...

Here, Biglari et al determine the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of nonhealing fistula in spinal cord-injured patients. After 1 week of treatment with PRP, the authors observed low levels of secretion from the fistulas. After 2 weeks, they noted no further secretion from the fistulas. A magnetic resonance imaging control investigation after 3 weeks showed the compl...

The success of knowledge collaboration hinges on the proximities that knowledge workers have. This paper proposes a new conceptual framework of investigating the factors that affect knowledge collaboration based on four dimensions of proximities: cognitive, structural, organizational, and social. The effectiveness of the conceptual framework is illustrated through two examples: one uses the fra...

New user interface challenges are arising because people need to explore and perform many diverse tasks involving large quantities of abstract information. Visualizing information is one approach to these challenges. But visualization must involve much more than just enabling people to "see" information. People must also manipulate it to focus on what is relevant and reorganize it to create new...