during a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in bamyan and mazar sharif provinces of afghanistan, several species of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to infraorder tylenchomorpha were detected and identified. filenchus facultativus; filenchus discrepans; filenchus elegantulus; boleodorus volutus; neopsilenchus magnidens; coslenchus costatus; ditylenchus myceliophagus; tylenchorhynchus clarus...

The lingual frenum is a mucosal fold that connects the bottom of the body of the tongue to the floor of the mouth and to the mandibular bone. Ankyloglossia results when the frenum is thick and very tight and/or its place of insertion limits the mobility of the tongue. If the anomaly is relatively severe and generates mechanical limitations and functional challenges, surgical reduction of the fr...

in this investigation the thickness of enamel in the gingival, middle, and incisal thirds of the labial surface of the anterior teeth were measured regarding preparation of the teeth for porcelain laminate veneers.part one, 20 extracted intact human maxillary central and lateral incisors ten of each were selected. the teeth were imbedded in autopolimerize acrylic resin. cross section was prefor...

Esthetic concerns of patient have become an essential part of dentistry, especially periodontics. Root coverage is being achieved by a variety of surgical techniques. The presence of shallow vestibule, inadequate width of attached gingiva and aberrant frenum pull may pose a challenge to cover the denuded root surface for which several independent surgical solutions are reported in the literatur...

Lateral labial melanocytic nevus or mole has cosmetic value among young or middle aged Iranian ladies particularly those with fair complexion. I describe auto transplantation of a melanocytic nevus from a remote area of the body to lateral labial skin. After selection of a 3-mm nevus, both donor and recipient sites were anesthetized. A punch with a diameter comparable to the diameter of t...

Animal communication signals generally evolve to become increasingly conspicuous for intended receivers [1]. However, such conspicuous signals are also more susceptible to eavesdropping, i.e. exploitation by unintended receivers [2]. It is typically thought that eavesdroppers harm signalers and select against conspicuous signals [3]. But, if signal conspicuousness deters eavesdroppers by indica...

Stingless bees of the species Trigona spinipes (Fabricius 1793) use their saliva to lay scent trails communicating the location of profitable food sources. Extracts of the cephalic labial glands of the salivary system (not the mandibular glands, however) contain a large amount (approx. 74%) of octyl octanoate. This ester is also found on the scent-marked substrates at the feeding site. We demon...

CASE A 25-year-old woman presented with acute urine retention with overflow 6 months after an inadequate treatment of severe monilia infections. Examination revealed complete adhesion between both labia majora. Division of adhesion was done with reconstruction by labial mucocutaneous flap. Complete recovery was achieved with good cosmetic outcome. CONCLUSION Labial adhesions whatever their se...

Vulval involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) is rare, particularly in children. The clinical features include erythema, edema, ulceration, and labial skin tags. The authors present two cases of children with vulval CD. In both cases, marked labial edema was the presenting feature. In one patient the immunomodulator tacrolimus ointment 0.03% was used with success. In the second patient control was...