Using the currency demand and DYMIMIC approaches estimates about the size of the shadow economy in 18 Asian and 21 OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 1998/99 in 18 Asian countries is 25.8% and i n 21 OECD countries 16.7% of " official " GDP. The average size of the shadow economy labor force (in percent of the official labor fo...

Despite economic growth, fertility reductions, and increases in female educational attainment, overall female labor force participation in India declined from 35 percent to 27 percent between 1999 and 2012. I examine the degree to which this puzzling decline can be attributed to an increase in earnings of married males. I first show that between 1999 and 2012, districts that experience a relati...

This study exploits the unique demographic structure of the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel and their geographical immobility in order to help resolve the riddle why women in the Middle East and North Africa are less likely to participate in the labor force than women elsewhere in the world. We show that, controlling for economic variables, Muslim and Druze Arab women are more likely to ent...

the aim of this study is to investigate the share of total factor productivity growth (tfpg), labor force growth and physical capital growth on the value added growth of non-oil sector by applying the cob-douglass production function during the third, fourth and fifth development plans before the islamic revolution of iran (1342-1356), and during the first, second, third and forth economic, soc...

i n addition to labor force and capital, energy plays a significant role in the production of commodities and services. energy is the driving force of production activities. therefore, it is an essential ingredient of growth and development. results obtained from this paper show that the growth of oil products consumption has a positive effect on economic development via two channels: firstly, ...

We estimate the effect of early child development on maternal labor force participation using data from teacher assessments. Mothers might react to having a poorly developing child by dropping out of the formal labor force in order to spend more time with their child, or they could potentially increase their labor supply to be able to provide the funds for better education and health resources....

This issue brief focuses on some of the health and safety issues that might confront businesses employing growing numbers of older workers. Does an aging workforce mean more workers at risk of costly illness or injury? The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) seems to think so, noting that the “cost implications of severe injuries to older workers [discussed below] are especially troublesome for th...

Much of the increase in female labor force participation in the post-war period has come from the entry of married women with young children. Accompanying this change has been a rise in cultural acceptance of maternal employment. We argue that the concurrent S-shaped rise in maternal participation and its cultural acceptance is well explained by generations of women engaged in Bayesian learning...