Optimized certainty equivalents (OCEs) are a family of risk measures widely used by both practitioners and academics. This is mostly due to its tractability the fact that it encompasses important examples, including entropic average value-at-risk. In this work we consider stochastic optimal control problems where objective criterion given an OCE measure or, in other words, minimization problem ...

Speakers have a number of options when introducing propositions which they take to be uncertain: for instance, can use verbs such as ‘know’, ‘believe’ or ‘think’. The production uncertainty expressions is highly context dependent. One promising approach capturing the semantic meaning these takes them available only speaker’s confidence in proposition exceeds some threshold. However, it unclear ...

the respected author believes that true faith is actually a logical assertion of faith [within] or entrenched certainty towards the objects of faith. naturally this logical assertion can only be considered as faith while it doesn’t accompany denial of the objects of faith. he believes that the freedom to choose faith is related to the freedom to choose when faith first comes about and whether i...

In patients with chronic diseases education should improve knowledge about the disease and increase certainty in knowledge. We present here a technique to measure changes in certainty after an educational intervention. For this purpose, before and after a course, patients answer a questionnaire in which answers are accompanied by an estimate of the degree of certainty. Answers are then assigned...

this article is an attempt first to introduce translation as a linguistic-cultural process, and then to seek the impact of the english language on persian modal auxiliaries. parallel corpora of persian translated and original texts derived from the area of educational psychology were analyzed based on the theoretical framework of house (1997, 2001). the results show us that although the discour...

Critical thinking is necessary to read the scientific literature. However, in addition to questions about the science, often one must also question the meaning of the text. This article provides an example of the analyses needed to understand a single sentence. In so doing, it raises several interesting issues of meaning, measurement, statistical analyses, and the form in which results are pres...