A CFD-PBM coupled mathematical model was proposed to describe the bubble breakup and coalescence behavior in gas-stirred ladle based on Eulerian-Eulerian approach. The effect of turbulence shear collision, floating velocity difference collision random were considered; sensitivity three typical including Luo model, Lehr Laakkonen size distribution considered. result showed that main mechanism af...

Maintaining the temperature of liquid steel in ladle required range affects quality casted billets, reduces energy consumption, and guarantees smooth control melting sequence. Measuring its is a challenging task industrial settings, often hindered by safety concerns expensive nature equipment. This paper presents models which enable prediction cooling rate for variable production parameters, i....