Abstract A foundation of second language motivational theory has been that motivation contributes to explaining variance in learning proficiency; however, empirical findings have mixed. This article presents an innovative approach exploring L2 proficiency and motivations teenage English learners Madrid, Spain (N = 1773). Participants completed a multiskill test, plus eight-scale questionnaire o...

Second language (L2) learners are different. They learn with different speed and different results. There are many explanations for that issue. The general factors that influence second language learning are: age, aptitude and intelligence, cognitive style, attitudes, motivation and personality (Ellis 1985). The aim of this article is to present these factors and their contribution to success o...