Early second language has been defined as a restricted linguistic system that can offer a “window” on language genesis. In this paper, I model the acquisition of negation by L2 (adult) learners as a sequence of constraint rankings in the framework of Optimality Theory. The rankings shift from pragmatics via conventionalization of negation as a focus operator to syntax. Early language is argued ...

Formal descriptions of syntax are quite popular: regular and context-free grammars have become accepted as useful for documenting the syntax of programming languages, as well as for generating efficient parsers; attribute grammars allow parsing to be linked with typechecking and code generation; and regular expressions are extensively used for searching and transforming text. In contrast, forma...

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Abstract Although the question of whether and how bilingualism affects executive functions has been extensively debated, less attention paid to cognitive abilities speakers different varieties same language, in linguistic situations such as bidialectalism diglossia. Similarly bilingual situation, diglossia have two language that are active at time. However, these argued potentially provide vari...

In [2], Alexeev constructed a proper moduli space of polarized toric varieties. However, in addition to the main component containing the toric varieties, there were additional irreducible components which were tricky to eliminate in a canonical way. Later, Olsson [1] showed how adding a log structure to the toric varieties under consideration effectively restricted the problem enough to single...

We construct endomotives associated to toric varieties, in terms of the decomposition of a toric variety into torus orbits and the action of a semigroup of toric morphisms. We show that the endomotives can be endowed with time evolutions and we discuss the resulting quantum statistical mechanical systems. We show that in particular, one can construct a time evolution related to the logarithmic ...

1. Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Characters and 1-Parameter Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3. Toric Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

The Arabic language is acquired by its native speakers both as a regional spoken Arabic dialect, acquired in early childhood as a first language, and as the more formal variety known as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), typically acquired later in childhood. These varieties of Arabic show a range of linguistic similarities and differences. Since previous psycholinguistic research in Arabic has prim...

The article focuses on the hypothesis that the structural complexity of languages is variable and historically changeable. By means of a quantitative statistical analysis of naturalistic corpus data, the question is raised as to what role language contact and adult second language acquisition play in the simplification and complexification of language varieties. The results confirm that there i...

Sociolinguistic research has increasingly turned to examining the use of both the grammar and speech events of black speech by non-Blacks. This phenomenon called language crossing is defined as “the use of language varieties associated with social or ethnic groups that the speaker does not normally ‘belong’ to” (Rampton 1995:14). Although the literature has focused on phonological features, the...