Nanomaterials are particles with 10 to100 nanometer size. They can easily be transportedthrough the skin, lung alveoli, and placenta. Materials in nano scales show different propertiescompared with the same materials in macro or larger scale. It is found that zinc element is anessential metal for normal physiological functions. However increase or decrease of this elementduring pregnancy, for e...

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to examine whether a passive stretch stimulus by means of a functional appliance induces changes in the fiber composition of masticatory muscles and whether these changes are similar to the changes in stretched limb muscle fibers by using RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemical assays. METHODS Five male New Zealand White rabbits were fitted with a p...

The role of sensory feedback in the early ontogeny of motor coordination remains a topic of speculation and debate. On E20 of gestation (the 20th day after conception, 2 days before birth), rat fetuses can alter interlimb coordination after a period of training with an interlimb yoke, which constrains limb movement and promotes synchronized, conjugate movement of the yoked limbs. The aim of thi...

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. Sublethal ischemia has also been shown to upregulate protective mechanisms in remote tissues. A brief period of ischemia (5-10 min) in the hind limb of mammals induces self-protective responses in the brain, lung, heart and retina. The effect is ...

AIM Statins have a protective impact against cardiovascular diseases through not only lipid-lowering effects but also pleiotropic effects, including activation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) system. We aimed to clarify the protective effects of a statin against atherogenesis and ischemia in eNOS－/－ mice. METHODS Study 1. eNOS－/－ Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)－/－ mice were treated wi...

Introduction: Uner Tan syndrome (UTS) consists of quadrupedal locomotion (QL), impaired intelligence and dysarthric or no speech. Previously, I described the walk of cases with UTS as diagonal sequence (DS) because of ipsilateral limb interference, mostly observed in nonhuman primates with DS QL. The only gait analysis performed for UTS were a few cases with lateral sequence (LS) QL. The curren...

The proper development of the musculoskeletal system in the tetrapod limb requires the coordinated development of muscle, tendon and cartilage. This paper examines the morphogenesis of muscle and tendon in the developing avian hind limb. Based on a developmental series of embryos labeled with myosin and tenascin antibodies in whole mount, an integrative description of the temporal sequence and ...