background: venous ulcers are a major problem for patients with chronic venous disease (cvd) such as varicose veins. its treatment is very complex and requires great care, such that inappropriate responses to various medical and surgical treatment could change this condition. this report aims to provide clinical experiences of iranian traditional medicine that has been the most effective treatm...

Number of Text Pages: 40 Number of Figures: 7 Running Head: Location and intensity discrimination in leech

Circumcision is the most common surgical procedure in males in the United States, and minor complications are not uncommon. Major complications like partial penile amputations have been reported with successful replantation. Complete penile amputations in adult males have been described, and successful replantation has been reported with increasing success. We report a case of complete penile a...

In the leech, the command-like neuron called cell Tr2 is known to stop swimming, but the connections from cell Tr2 to the swim central pattern generator have not been identified. We used fluorescence resonance energy transfer voltage-sensitive dyes to identify three neurons that are synaptic targets of cell Tr2. We then used electrophysiological techniques to show that these connections are mon...

Dear Editor, Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding has various causes. Differential diagnoses include exogenous estrogens, atrophic endometritis/vaginitis, endometrial or cervical cancer and polyps, uterine sarcoma, urethral caruncles and trauma. Therefore, it is necessary to rule out the pathological etiology of bleeding in postmenopausal women. The leech is a member of the phylum Annelida of the cl...