Legal medicine (a name which may be a misnomer) is not, strictly speaking, an art of healing.’ Rather, it deals with the application of medical opinions and knowledge to judicial proceedings. While it is usually said that there were five distinct periods in the history of legal medicine-the ancient period of the Hebrew priest-judges and the Egyptians; the Roman period; the mediaeval period of S...

The authors are concerned with the reconciliation of private rights that intellectual property rights (IPRs) represent with the public benefit deriving from properly developed technical standards. One of the key difficulties in achieving this aim is that IPRs are increasingly perceived as conflicting with other norms; in particular, the relationship between intellectual property law and competi...

States have a duty under international human rights law to protect people's health. Nonetheless, while some health-related policies and laws protect basic human rights, others violate fundamental rights when they criminalize, prohibit, and restrict access to necessary health services. For example, laws and regulations related to protection of life from conception, contraception, actions of preg...

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s current challenges for political and economic transformation. This MENA Trends Report focuses on the following issues: youth unemployment, gender, education, economy, the financial system, and the rule of law. It examines ten Arab countries: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza, Syria, and Yemen. When comparisons ...

Background Legal empowerment of the poor is highly relevant to public health as it aims to relieve income poverty, a main determinant of health. The Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (CLEP) has proposed legal empowerment measures in the following four domains: access to justice and the rule of law, property, labor, and business rights. Despite being overrepresented among the poor, CLE...

Legal certainty is a fundamental principle which contributes in the rule of law. According to some authors this principle is an “imperative necessity for the European Union”. Indeed the European case-law recognized the principle of legal certainty. One the one hand, through the European Court of Justice in 1962 in the Bosch judgment. As well, the principle of legitimate expectations – which is ...

land use is a legal - economic term for how land operation. land use in urban regions have been identified in urban master plan or design hadi (guide plan) and outside the legal boundaries of cities and towns as well as protect the land use or possible changes in land is under the ministry of agriculture. in some cases legal experts have different opinions about the land use. one of them is the...