This article evaluates the legislative activity of the fourth Berlusconi government, eighteen months after it took office, against other ‘majoritarian’ governments of the most recent past, namely Prodi I and II and Berlusconi II. It considers the overall volume of legislative activity of the four executives and the types of measures they sought to promote in Parliament (with particular attentio...

Several studies have been conducted to develop more accurate and precise indices for hydrocarbons source apportionment. The present study, however, develops a new multi-metric index for hydrocarbons source apportionment. It measures Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration at six stations with well known petrogenic origin, calculating Phe/An, Flu/Py, Chr/BaA, BaA/Chr, An/(An+Ph), Flu/(Fl...

the prophetic action and behavior as a part of tradition is regarded as a kind of evidence and legal plea. explanation of the concept and nature of the prophet’s (s.a.w.) action and the two sects’ analysis of this rational reasoning in the process of inference of legal ruling has an important status in islamic jurisprudence. given the existing views, there are two general approaches to the prop...

Most previous studies of the president’s role in the legislative process and the implications of veto power can be placed into two categories. The first is the application of the spatial model of agenda control. These models, which assume that the legislature has a monopoly over the legislative agenda, have typically predicted a limited role for the president in the process. The second research...

In this paper we test the Leviathan hypothesis, focusing on the joint impact of fiscal decentralization and legislative monopoly power in the growth of the public sector. Two proxies of legislative monopoly power are considered: the control of all relevant houses by the executive party and the margin of majority. Using a dynamic panel-based error correction model on OECD member countries, we fi...

We provide the first comprehensive study of lobbying across venues by studying interest group registrations in both the legislative and administrative branches. We present four major findings based on Federal and state data. First, groups engage in substantial administrative lobbying relative to legislative lobbying. Second, the vast majority of groups lobby the legislature, but a large proport...

Positions of influence over the legislative agenda provide greater opportunities for shaping policy outcomes. Do legislators take advantage of this? If they do, when the median is pivotal and legislators’ goals reflect both position taking and policy seeking, greater influence over the agenda leads legislators to moderate their bills relative to legislators with lower agenda priority. Analysis ...

The purpose of this study, in an environment of Internet project-based learning, is to undertake research on the effects of thinking styles on learning transfer. In this study, we establish an environment that incorporates project-based learning and Internet. Within this environment, we divide our sample of elementary school students into four groups: Executive Group, Legislative Group, Judicia...

Drawing on data from 1973-2014 (93rd-113th Congresses), we develop a new method for measuring the legislative effectiveness of members of the United States Senate that builds upon Volden and Wiseman’s analysis of legislative effectiveness in the U.S. House. We compare the construction and analysis of our Senate Legislative Effectiveness Scores (LES) to those of the U. S. House over the same 40-...