It is claimed that bilingual children have two separate linguistic systems from early ages. Over the past decades, linguists carried out a number of studies to test the validity of the claim. They explored bilingual children’s code-mixing in correlation with a variety of linguistic elements, such as lexicon, syntax, phonology in different contexts, concluding that bilingual children had separat...

On the Linguistic Data Consortium’s (LDC) 20th anniversary, this paper describes the changes to the language resource landscape over the past two decades, how LDC has adjusted its practice to adapt to them and how the business model continues to grow. Specifically, we will discuss LDC’s evolving roles and changes in the sizes and types of LDC language resources (LR) as well as the data they inc...

This paper describes the Unisys MUC-3 text understanding system, a system based upon a three tiered approach to text processing in which a powerful knowledge-based form of information retrieval plays a central role . This knowledge-based form of information retrieval makes it possible to define a n effective level of text analysis that falls somewhere between what is possible with standard keyw...

There are two main methodologies for constructing the knowledge base of a natural language analyser: the linguistic and the data-driven. Recent state-ofthe-art part-of-speech taggers are based on the data-driven approach. Because of the known feasibility of the linguistic rule-based approach at related levels of description, the success of the datadriven approach in part-of-speech analysis may ...

BACKGROUND We present a formalized medical knowledge system using a linguistic approach combined with a semantic net. METHOD Diseases are defined and coded by natural linguistic terms and linked via a complex network of attributes, categories, classes, lists and other semantic conditions. RESULTS We have isolated more than 4600 disease entities (termed pathosoms using a made-up word) with m...

This paper studies the linguistic truth value domain (AX) based on finite monotonous hedge algebra and then we extend lukasiewicz algebra on [0, 1] to linguistic lukasiewicz algebra on linguistic truth value domain (AX), in an attempt to propose a general resolution for linguistic many-valued logic based on hedge moving rules and linguistic lukasiewicz algebra for linguistic reasoning. Its theo...

fuzzy set based methods have been proved to be effective in handling many types of uncertainties in different fields, including reliability engineering. this paper presents a new approach on fuzzy reliability, based on the use of beta type distribution as membership function. considering experts' ideas and by asking operators linguistic variables, a rule base is designed to determine the level ...

The present study examined whether surface acted empathy led to decreased burnout among providers of emotional support without adversely affecting recipients. Measures were tested via an in-lab simulated conversation between strangers and through an online survey asking participants about real-life conversations. Study 1 (95 pairs of female participants) had manipulation failure, but still part...