The evaluation of individual cognitive change has relied heavily upon the raw change score, defined simply as the difference between follow-up and baseline scores. However, raw changes scores are susceptible to the confounding effects of both regression-to-the-mean and practice effect. The clinical relevance of raw change scores for the older adult is also obscured by normal, age-related cognit...

BACKGROUND Computerized cognitive testing has the potential to be an effective way to assess and monitor cognition in large neuroepidemiological studies. CogState is a game-like computerized test with demonstrated validity and reliability that has shown sensitivity to decline in older individuals over time. This study aimed to evaluate the serial usability of the test specifically within an old...

We investigated the relationship between deep acting, automatic regulation and customer tips with 2 different study designs. The first study was a daily diary study using a sample of Dutch waiters and taxi-drivers and assessed the link of employees' daily self-reported levels of deep acting and automatic regulation with the amount of tips provided by customers (N = 166 measurement occasions nes...

BACKGROUND The effects of biological and physical factors on cognitive aging are widely studied. Less is known about the role of psychosocial factors such as stress and social relationships for cognitive functioning. METHODS Speakers in Session IV of the Summit focused on possible mechanisms linking social interactions and stressful experiences to cognitive changes with aging. RESULTS Eleva...

Conflict of interest: All authors are employees and equity holders in CogState Ltd, the company that develops and markets the CogSport computerised cognitive testing software.

adopting a humanistic, communicative-based approach to semiotics, this paper aims at investigating the status of linguistic signs and their interaction with other communicative signs. the status of linguistic sign is first studied in semiotic theories spanning ancient, middle ages and modern era. based on the commonalities envisaged in four contemporary semiotic theories done in the spirit of t...

based on how formal a conversation is, how much familiar the speaker and the listeners are with each other and how distant is the speaker's social status from the listener's one, the speaker uses certain forms of language known as styles of language. linguistic styles are different from language varieties. selection of the styles depends on definite social situations and the kind of r...

semantic shifting which is one of the most important semantic processes forming the meaning of some linguistic structures was first introduced by safavi (1379). the meaning of different structures such as proverbs, are made by semantic shifting which takes place on the syntagmatic axis, but is shown on the paradigmatic axis. the corpus used in this study consists of 10 persian proverbs which ar...