objectives: evaluation of therapeutic effects of carum copticum (c. copticum) has been the subject of several studies in recent years. thymol the major component of c. copticum is a widely known anti-microbial agent. in this study, the antibacterial and anti viral activities of essential oil of c. copticum fruit were determined. materials and methods: essential oil of c. copticum was analyzed b...

forest fragmentation results in a loss of forest interior and an increase in edge habitat. we studied how understorey bird community composition and habitat variables changed along an edge-to-interior gradient in a 1248-ha lowland rainforest patch in peninsular malaysia. birds and environmental variables such as vegetation structure and litter depth were detected within a 25-m radius of each of...

Human alteration of atmospheric composition affects foliar chemistry and has possible implications for the structure and functioning of detrital communities. In this study, we explored the impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on aspen (Populus tremuloides) leaf litter chemistry, earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) individual consumption and growth, and springtail (Sinella curviseta) popula...

We investigated whether exposure to UV-B results in biochemical changes in leaf litter, affecting growth rates of earthworms feeding on this litter and cast chemistry. Seedlings of Betula pubescens L. were grown under zero and ambient UVB (at 52 °N) regimes under optimal conditions. Following three months exposure, plants were allowed to senesce and leaf litter was collected. Lumbricus terrestr...

[1] Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and N deposition are expected to affect methane (CH4) production in soils and emission to the atmosphere, directly through increased plant litter production and indirectly through changes in substrate quality. We examined how CH4 emission responded to changes in litter quality under increased N and CO2, beyond differences in CH4 resulting from chan...

current research was aimed to study the effect of soil different treatments on seed germination and seedling survival of pinus brutia ten. seedling in nursery of koloudeh, located in amol city. seeds in plastic pots were sown at four different soil treatments including: (a) nursery soil (control), (b) control soil: cattle manure (5:1), (c) control soil: decomposited litter (5:1), (d) control so...

Riparian vegetation is the main source of leaves and the main energy source for low order streams. Therefore, changes in its composition affect the structure and processes in streams. We studied the contribution of the riparian vegetation by analysing the annual input of litter in deforested and forested areas of a tropical stream. The lateral, vertical (aerial) and horizontal (drift) litter in...

Anthropogenic debris in the environment affects many species that accidentally ingest it. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quantity and composition of marine litter ingested by loggerheads in Sardinia, thus supplying for the lack of data in the existing literature for this area. Seventeen of the 121 (14.04%) monitored turtles presented debris in their digestive tracts. Litter in faecal ...

Mesophytic species (esp. Acer rubrum) are increasingly replacing oaks (Quercus spp.) in fire-suppressed, deciduous oak-hickory forests of the eastern US. A pivotal hypothesis is that fuel beds derived from mesophytic litter are less likely than beds derived from oak litter to carry a fire and, if they do, are more likely to burn at lower intensities. Species effects, however, are confounded by ...