We show how the law of mass action can be derived from a thermodynamic basis, in the presence of temperature gradients, chemical potential gradients and hydrodynamic flow. The solution gives the law of mass action for the forward and the reverse contributions to the net chemical reaction. In addition we derive the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the fluctuating contributions to the reaction...

The standard equilibrium for radiation-dominated accretion disks has long been known to be viscously, thermally, and convectively unstable, but the nonlinear development of these instabilities—hence the actual state of such disks—has not yet been identified. By performing local two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of disks, we demonstrate that convective motions can release heat sufficientl...

In a previous paper, we presented the global solution of a new accretion flow model, namely luminous hot accretion flows (LHAFs). In this Letter, we first show the corresponding thermal equilibrium curve of LHAFs in the mass accretion rate vs. surface density diagram. Then we examine its thermal stability again local perturbations. We find that LHAFs are thermally unstable when thermal conducti...

We consider the Gibbs representation over space-time of non-equilibrium dynamics of Hamiltonian systems defined on a lattice with local interactions. We first write the corresponding action functional as a sum of local terms, defining a local action functional. We replace the local system by a translationinvariant system whose dynamics has an identical space-time characterization. We study in d...