Payment systems are one of the key Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) and have showed remarkable progress over the past two decades. The first half of this chapter focuses on the evolutionary process of payment systems, starting with the Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) system and progressing to the RealTime Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. Subsequently, much more sophisticated payment systems...

Traditional scheduling methods such as CPM or PERT have been found to be inappropriate for scheduling the linear construction projects. According to the limitations of Traditional scheduling methods, Linear Scheduling Method (LSM) is proposed specifically for linear construction projects. Aiming at overcoming the limitations of network technology in deciding the production rate of linear constr...

Until the availability of Kernel 2.6 the Linux operating system lacked general support to integrate security mechanisms into the kernel. The Linux Security Module Framework (LSM) was designed to overcome this limitation. Although LSM provides a solid baseline for kernel security, it lacks important features. In this paper two of these limitations are addressed: First a framework-managed module ...

The Linux Security Modules (LSM) framework is a set of authorization hooks for implementing flexible access control in the Linux kernel. While much effort has been devoted to defining the module interfaces, little attention has been paid to verifying the correctness of hook placement. This paper presents a novel approach to the verification of LSM authorization hook placement using CQUAL, a typ...

This paper is aimed at reporting on the development and application of a computer model for discourse analysis through segmentation. Segmentation refers to the principled division of texts into contiguous constituents. Other studies have looked at the application of a number of models to the analysis of discourse by computer. The segmentation procedure developed for the present investigation is...

Transient elastography quantifies the propagation of a mechanically generated shear wave within a soft tissue, which can be used to characterize the elasticity and viscosity parameters of the tissue. The aim of our study was to combine numerical simulation and clinical assessment to define a viscoelastic index of liver tissue to improve the quality of early diagnosis of liver fibrosis. This is ...

Sm-like (Lsm) proteins have been identified in all organisms and are related to RNA metabolism. Here, we report that Arabidopsis nuclear AtLSM8 protein, as well as AtLSM5, which localizes to both the cytoplasm and nucleus, function in pre-mRNA splicing, while AtLSM5 and the exclusively cytoplasmic AtLSM1 contribute to 5'-3' mRNA decay. In lsm8 and sad1/lsm5 mutants, U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA)...

Assessing Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) contributes to reducing the risk of living with landslides. Handling the vagueness associated with LSM is a challenging task. Here we show the application of hybrid GIS-based LSM. The hybrid approach embraces fuzzy membership functions (FMFs) in combination with Shannon entropy, a well-known information theory-based method. Nine landslide-related...