After ovulation, non-pregnant female giant pandas experience pseudopregnancy. During pseudopregnancy, non-pregnant females exhibit physiological and behavioral changes similar to pregnancy. Monitoring hormonal patterns that are usually different in pregnant mammals are not effective at determining pregnancy status in many animals that undergo pseudopregnancy, including the giant panda. Therefor...

BACKGROUND Previous studies of the relationship between the menstrual phases and smoking behavior have been problematic, so the association of menstrual phases with smoking behavior and correlations among smoking, psychological and physical conditions in each phase of the menstrual cycle are unclear. METHODS To accurately examine the association between menstrual phases and the amount of smok...

INTRODUCTION Variations in inflammatory markers have been reported in adult women during the luteal phase, but whether these findings are observed during adolescence is unknown. We postulate that higher ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (usCRP) and lower 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE) levels, an estrogen metabolite with cardioprotective actions, are present during the luteal phase in young women. AI...

An association between serum carotenoid concentrations and risk for certain cancers has been observed in epidemiological studies. Determinants of serum carotenoid concentrations are known to include dietary intake, plasma lipid concentrations, and body mass. Menstrual cycle phase, which has not been adequately addressed in previous studies, has been suggested to be a possible additional factor ...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate autonomic tone during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle using heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) in healthy women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty women aged 22-37 years with regular menstrual cycles were included in the study. The HRV and HRR were measured at the follicular and luteal phas...

BACKGROUND Certain phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) show reproductive effects in animal studies and potentially affect human ovulation, conception, and pregnancy loss. OBJECTIVES We investigated these chemicals in relation to follicular- and luteal-phase lengths, time to pregnancy, and early pregnancy loss (within 6 weeks of the last menstrual period) among women attempting pregnancy. METHO...

Estrogen administration has a number of favorable cardiovascular effects, and recent evidence suggests that these include an increase in arterial distensibility. Whether this is also the case for the physiological changes in estrogen production during the menstrual cycle has never been determined, however. In 21 premenopausal healthy women, we continuously measured radial artery diameter and bl...

We used data from a cross-sectional study of 107 premenopausal women to evaluate the relation of age, menarcheal age, parity, and age at first live birth with plasma estrogen and androgen levels in premenopausal women. Fasting blood specimens were collected on each of days 5-7, 12-15, and 21-23 of menstrual cycles of the participants and pooled to create follicular, midcycle, and luteal phase s...

Table of content 1 E2 and progesterone effects: the donor-egg IVF lesson * 1.1 Only E2 and progesterone are necessary for optimal receptivity * 1.2 The follicular phase: sufficient E2 priming * 1.3 The luteal phase: progesterone induces a sequences of transformation * 1.4 Endometrial glands and the stroma: two steps in the sequence of endometrial changes. * 1.5 E2 to progesterone ratio * 2 Regi...

Studies examining the impact of menstrual cycle phases on the cardiac autonomic nervous system have produced inconsistent results. This study aimed to investigate this relationship, controlling for the confounding effects of diet, physical activity, and sleep, which can be affected by the menstrual cycle. Fifteen female college students with regular menses were enrolled. Data regarding 24-h hea...